Field:
Municipal general plans and regional development programmes
– Obstacles to and opportunities for development
With the commission as the starting point, the report takes up opportunities for and difficulties in using physical planning as a tool in local and regional growth efforts. One particularly important aspect was to analyse opportunities for and obstacles to greater integration between municipal general plans and regional development programmes.
Physical planning plays a central role in securing prerequisites for business by creating stable, legal foundations for the land use that trade and industry demands. Planning also has an important function as regards creating prerequisites for attractive living environments. The quality of housing is an important factor when people choose where they want to live. Attractive living environments are therefore also important from the point of view of trade and industry, not least as regards possibilities to recruit and keep personnel.
The report contains case studies from three regions: Skåne, Östergötland and Dalarna. A common denominator for all three regions is that they have had, and continue to have, ambitions to link the municipalities’ general plans more closely to the regional development programmes. Observations from the case studies show among other things that the outcome of the work is highly dependent on whether a distinct value added can be shown for the players concerned. In the case of Skåne, it has for example it been easier for the municipalities concerned to see the benefits of joining together the whole of Skåne to form a common labour market while this has been more difficult in Dalarna. The Dalarna and Östergötland case studies illustrate that greater inter-municipality collaboration can begin on a small scale. This was the case in Östergötland, where Linköping and Norrköping have a common general plan and where there now seems to be interest in neighbouring municipalities collaborating more. Falun-Borlänge are also on their way to drawing up a common general plan. In this way, certain municipalities can thus lead the way in a development that can later include more municipalities. One general observation is that the process is an important one. A general impression from the three case studies, however, is that interest in integrating the regional development programmes more closely with the municipalities’ general plans is fairly low, with the possible exception of Skåne.
The findings from the case studies also lead us to the question of the differences in prerequisites between Sweden’s municipalities and regions. A relatively densely populated and expanding region like Skåne for example probably has better prerequisites to integrate regional and municipal plans than more sparsely populated areas like Dalarna.
The report also contains three case studies at municipal level: Kiruna, Örnsköldsvik and northern Bohuslän. All the municipal case studies describe initiatives for greater collaboration between municipal growth and development efforts and physical planning. In Kiruna’s case the reasons are obvious as the city of Kiruna is about to be substantially transformed, which involves the planning of an entirely new city. The municipality has therefore initiated extensive efforts in this direction where openness and participation are the guiding principles. Overall, it is a matter of using the transformation as leverage to stimulate positive development in the municipality. In Örnsköldsvik the municipality has been working for many years to strengthen integration between physical planning and the municipality’s other growth and development work. This has among other things resulted in the municipality forming itself early on into a “Growth Unit” within which both physical planning and the municipality’s other growth efforts are pursued. A need for greater inter-municipality planning has been identified in the five municipalities collaborating in northern Bohuslän. Overall, the municipalities consider themselves to have become stronger as a result of closer collaboration on planning. In this respect it is not least a matter of achieving a good balance between preservation aspects concerning the unique natural and cultural values in the area on the one hand and the ambitions of trade and industry and the visiting industry on the other.
To put the Swedish system of plans in a comparative perspective, a number of other countries’ systems are also described in the report. In this respect, the Norwegian and Finnish systems are of particular interest from Sweden’s point of view since the countries have very similar geography and structure in general as well as a similar social structure. The report also contains parallel descriptions of Brazil and the United States.
Need for common processes between regional and municipal levels
In Growth Analysis’ opinion there is a need to increase coordination between local and regional growth issues and physical planning and strengthen collaboration between the regional and the municipal levels.
One necessary step is therefore to develop a system that enables planning that better reflects functional regions. To develop such a system Growth Analysis judges improvements to be necessary at different levels.
- At the municipal level there is a need for more integration of growth/development efforts and physical planning. Inspiration might possibly be found in the Norwegian system, and in particular as regards municipal planning. The Örnsköldsvik example illustrates how one Swedish municipality has worked to integrate both perspectives.
- At the inter-municipality level there is a need to strengthen the inter-municipality perspective in physical planning still further. In this respect Skåne can serve as an example of a region working with a regional structure pattern for the whole region at the same time as certain inter-municipality issues are handled inside four inter-municipality constellations under the administrative region level. The example from northern Bohuslän also highlights the benefits of inter-municipality collaboration. In the case of Dalarna a picture also appears of earlier ambitions to link all municipalities more closely to Dalarna’s development programme having been toned down in favour of greater inter-municipality collaboration in different constellations of municipalities, for example Falun-Borlänge.
- At the regional level, there is a need to find tools to be able to work more with spatial considerations as part of regional development programmes. Here again, Skåne can serve as an example with its “Skåne” structure pattern, where some main directions for the region’s future development have been sketched. It should be added that the regional level in both Finland and Norway has formal responsibility and authority for work with regional planning. If it were desired to introduce a similar system in Sweden, legislative changes would be necessary.
- Finally, and not least important, there is a need to develop the linkages between the levels. An arena is needed where national, regional and municipal growth issues can be dealt with. Processes are also needed for how the issues can best be dealt with.
Another way of expressing the development needed is that there is a need to balance the municipal and regional players’ areas of strength. The regional players have a distinct role and competence as regards issues concerning regional economy. The regions on the other hand have a weaker role, and weaker competence, when it comes to regional planning. The municipal players have a central role as regards physical planning. Their role in growth issues, on the other hand, is not as prominent. This seems to indicate that the players’ roles and competence need to be balanced by strengthening the regions’ role and competence as regards physical planning and the municipalities’ role/competence in regional economic issues.
The ideal situation would be for regional growth and development policy to be shaped to a greater extent through dialogue between representatives of the municipalities and the region. A system for general plans and regional development programmes would have the prerequisites to be a strategic arena for negotiations and interaction between the state and regions/municipalities.
Proposals
The report outlines possible proposals if the government wishes to stimulate increased collaboration between physical planning and local and regional growth efforts, and between the municipal and the regional level.
The proposals are categorised according to public authorities’ ability to steer and control in three important tools: Information, economic policy instruments and regulation
Information
Commissions for authorities with responsibility within the planning system today
The government can commission the county administrative boards, within their existing assignment according to the Planning and Building Act, to pay greater attention to how regional growth efforts are dealt with in the municipalities’ general plans and in particular as regards issues with inter-municipality linkages.
More consultation required
According to the present system, the municipalities are to examine the currentness of their general plans at least once during the term of office. In connection with drawing up or changing the general plan the municipality is to consult with the county administrative board and with the municipalities, regional planning bodies and other municipal bodies that have responsibility for regional growth efforts and transport infrastructure planning. As shown in the report, it has proven difficult to get a live process linked to general plans and regional development programmes off the ground.
One way to strengthen the process would be to give more weight to the consultation element between the municipality and the player who has responsibility for regional development. The consultation can then contain considerations of whether new prerequisites have arisen, not least concerning aspects that impact the region’s and the municipality’s development. One such new prerequisite might for example be that the region is about to draw up a new or revised regional development programme where new or changed emphases are under consideration. Or changes in the world around that necessitate new plans and programmes or require existing plans and programmes to be revised.
Competence development at municipal and regional level
The report points out the need for competence development at municipal and regional players. The report also points out there is a need to increase the exchange of knowledge between the fields of competence physical planning and regional growth policy matters. One way of doing this is to take a national initiative for competence development in which the various disciplines participate.
Economic policy instruments
An endeavour to strengthen the linkages between general plans and regional development programmes may be hindered for resource reasons, where certain municipalities, especially smaller ones, report a lack of resources. One way to handle this would be to consider some form of aid for the municipalities to strengthen their capacity in planning matters. Such aid could be general and which all municipalities can apply for or aimed at smaller municipalities.
One way would be to open up for municipalities to apply for financial aid equivalent to approximately 50% of the activities planned over a certain period of time. Such aid could be administered by by an appropriate national authority, by way of suggestion the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning jointly with the Agency for Economic and Regional Growth. It could also to advantage be part of a national development programme with a focus on growth-oriented physical planning.
Regulation
Another possibility is to consider adjusting the text of the ordinance to stimulate greater integration between physical planning and local and regional growth perspectives and between the municipal and the regional levels.
This might consist of inserting a provision in the Planning and Building Act and the Ordinance on Regional Growth Efforts to the effect that municipalities’ general plans and the regional development programmes must be drawn up over the same period of time.
Another possible adjustment might be to stipulate that the municipal general plan contain a mandatory municipal development section. One way would be to draw up such an overall document within the framework of the work on the general plan, inspired by the Norwegian system.
Finally, giving the regional players who have regional responsibility for growth the authority to decide, in consultation with the municipalities, what need for regional or sub-regional plans can be identified during the period of office should be considered. The plans would then be drawn up by the participating municipalities in collaboration with the regional player. Here again, it is likely that such a proposal would need to be accompanied by some form of resource and competence reinforcement at regional level.
Municipal general plans and regional development programmes – Obstacles to and opportunities for development
Serial number: Report 2013:01
Reference number: 2012/013